Global clean energy investment reached USD 2 trillion in 2024, yet more than USD 4 trillion annually is needed to align with the Paris Agreement. Meeting this challenge requires substantial mobilisation of financing, particularly through corporate bond markets. The scenario analysis in Chapter 4 of the OECD Global Debt Report 2025 illustrates the implications of different financing trajectories - whether led by public debt issuance or by capital market development - with particular focus on emerging market and developing economies. These findings underline both the scale of the challenge and the potential of debt financing to drive the transition.
At the same time, sustainable bond markets have experienced exponential growth and are emerging as a key instrument to channel investment towards projects with environmental and social impact. The OECD’s new report, Sustainable Bonds: State of the Market and Policy Recommendations, explores trends in issuance, investor motivations and market practices, while pointing to policy measures that can enhance transparency, comparability and integrity. Issues such as interoperability of taxonomies, disclosure requirements and the regulation of external reviewers are central to ensuring that sustainable bonds contribute effectively to climate and sustainability goals.
This session will highlight recent evidence, policy insights and market perspectives on how debt and sustainable bond markets can mobilise the investment needed for a resilient and sustainable transition.
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