Key resources

At this critical moment, as countries seek to increase their climate ambitions, the OECD is building on its decades of experience on climate policy to provide analysis and policy pointers on climate action. Find the latest OECD reports, discover key initiatives and explore datasets for the latest insights on accelerating the global effort to reach climate goals.

Discover Key OECD initiatives

The OECD supports and helps drive higher levels of ambition and tangible outcomes – on mitigation, adaptation and resilience, and financing – that better align with the collective goals of the Paris Agreement.

The Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) is an initiative designed to help improve the global impact of emissions reduction efforts around the world through better data and information sharing, evidence-based mutual learning and inclusive multilateral dialogue. It brings together all relevant policy perspectives from a diverse range of countries from around the world, participating on an equal footing basis, to take stock of and consider the effectiveness of different carbon mitigation approaches.

The Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG) is a group of government delegates and experts from developed and developing countries. The aim of the group is to promote dialogue on and enhance understanding of politically important technical issues in the international climate change negotiations and for the implementation of the Paris Agreement.

The OECD’s project on Climate, Economic and Social Resilience is using the multidisciplinary reach of the OECD to support governments in driving the swift transformational change needed to tackle climate change. The project will provide analysis and insights for governments looking at the whole climate picture: driving a rapid and resilient transition to net-zero while building resilience to physical climate impacts, all in the context of lingering effects of COVID-19 and the far-reaching effects of Russia’s unprovoked war of aggression in Ukraine.

The OECD International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC) supports country progress towards net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a more resilient economy by 2050. Through regular monitoring, policy evaluation and feedback on results and best practices, IPAC helps countries strengthen and co-ordinate their climate action. It complements and supports the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement monitoring frameworks.

Discover OECD publications

OECD publications aim to make available to a wider readership selected studies on environmental issues drawing on the work of the OECD on climate action.

This report provides governments with policy insights to help close the ambition and implementation gaps to reach net zero. It shows that reaching net zero is still possible and brings economic opportunities. To reap these benefits, the next five years are critical - decisive and well-designed policies can drive the rapid acceleration of progress needed.

With the 2025 update of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), this OECD-UNDP report shows how aligning climate action with broader national priorities can deliver widespread benefits - from poverty reduction and better health to increased energy access and green investment opportunities.

This paper explores issues to be considered as Parties agree on a Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) indicator set and examines the balance between ambition and feasibility in indicator operationalisation. The analysis highlights the need for an iterative approach to measuring progress towards the GGA.

The first Global Stocktake (GST1) underscored current gaps in climate ambition and implementation, and issued calls to align efforts with 1.5°C pathways, in particular for the energy sector. This paper analyses new Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and the first Biennial Transparency Reports (BTR1s) in relation to energy calls in the GST1, as well as finance-related information in BTR1s for insights to inform the next NDCs and implement the GST1 outcomes.

Droughts are becoming more frequent, prolonged and severe with climate change, threatening water security and placing growing pressure on people, ecosystems and economies. This report provides new insights into the rising human, environmental, and economic impacts of droughts and offers practical policy solutions to minimise losses, build long-term resilience, and support adaptation to a drier future.

Carbon credit markets are a tool that can support greenhouse gas mitigation. However, to effectively support climate action, they must operate with environmental integrity. This paper explores governments’ efforts to shape carbon credit markets, with a focus on opportunities to enhance integrity.

This report delves into the methodologies employed by policy-mandated reporting of emissions via monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems. It explores practical avenues for establishing interoperable carbon intensity metrics by leveraging existing emissions MRV system rules and guidance as a stepping stone.

This report analyses freely available and commercial datasets on the carbon intensities of aluminium, cement and steel across a wide range of installations and countries. The findings show that differences between these datasets lead to discrepancies in reported carbon intensities, which are larger at the installation level than at aggregate level.

Understanding how climate-related hazards will evolve due to climate change is crucial to guide adaptation decisions. This paper develops forward-looking indicators to monitor exposure of people and agriculture to three major climate-related hazard types - extreme temperature, extreme precipitation, and drought.

Global finance for adaptation remains well below what is needed to address the impacts of climate change. This paper presents recent evidence on the finance and investment gap and provides an overview of key policies to align investment flows with climate adaptation goals. Developing detailed funding strategies for National Adaptation Plans, mainstreaming adaptation considerations into public budgeting, and improving policy coherence are integral to creating an enabling environment for investment.

Water-related risks pose local challenges, but their impacts often extend across economies and borders. Shifting rainfall patterns, intensifying extremes and degraded freshwater ecosystems can fragilise societies, economies and financial systems. This report focuses on the unique challenges posed by water-related risks and provides practical tools to support central banks, supervisors and policymakers.

This paper presents a list of indicators for monitoring progress in adapting agricultural production to extreme weather events. It assesses adaptation progress across four key dimensions: (1) the exposure of agricultural production to extreme weather events, (2) the adoption of resilient agricultural practices to reduce vulnerability, (3) the impacts of extreme weather events on agricultural production, and (4) the conditions enabling agricultural adaptation.

The OECD Global Corporate Sustainability Report 2025 provides insights on how companies are implementing the sustainability-related recommendations of the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. These recommendations cover disclosure, shareholder-company dialogue, board responsibilities and stakeholder engagement.

At the UNFCCC COP29 in 2024, Parties agreed on a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance to accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement. The decision establishes two interlinked quantitative elements for supporting climate action in developing countries: a call for all actors to scale up financing to at least USD 1.3 trillion annually by 2035, and a goal for developed countries to take the lead in mobilising at least USD 300 billion annually by 2035. This paper analyses the scope of these two elements and implications for measuring progress towards them.

The Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) under the Paris Agreement sets a collective ambition to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. The UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience sets out eleven thematic and dimensional targets to achieve the GGA and established a process to identify indicators to guide assessments of global progress towards the GGA. This paper situates the development of GGA indicators for enabling factors for the implementation of adaptation action, including means of implementation, in the context of existing provisions under the Paris Agreement.

The Climate Action Monitor is the flagship publication of the OECD International Programme for Action on Climate (IPAC). It provides insights on climate action and progress towards net-zero targets for 52 OECD Members and partner countries. The 2025 edition findings indicate that countries’ 2030 Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) emission targets remain insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement goals.

To achieve a net-zero pathway by mid-century, mobilising finance and investment for industry decarbonisation in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) is essential. The industry sector accounts for as much as 40% of total global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and EMDEs play a central role – producing over 75% of the world’s steel and more than 85% of its cement. New findings from the OECD and International Energy Agency outline key action areas to support industry decarbonisation in EMDEs.

This paper explores how guarantees and other risk mitigation instruments such as insurance, hedging products and Put and Call Option Agreements, have been used in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) to mobilise capital for renewable power and energy efficiency projects. The paper presents the latest evidence and data, along with good practice examples of various instrument designs and implementation methods.

Development banks and development finance institutions (DFIs) account for nearly all private finance mobilised for climate action in developing countries through development finance. Which institutional levers can shift development banks and DFIs from being primarily lenders and co-financiers to becoming catalytic mobilisers of private investment?

What were the main trends in development finance with biodiversity-related objectives for the period 2015-23? Browse the data that includes breakdowns by provider, sector, financial instrument and recipient country grouping.

Adopted in 2015 at COP21, the Paris Agreement marked a turning point in global climate action. This report presents novel insights from a survey of over 250 government policymakers and climate change experts from more than 60 countries on climate change mitigation.

Discover OECD data

OECD data and indicators on the environmental, economic, financial and social dimensions of climate change provide essential information for effective climate policies. Navigate the data, explore emissions by country and by sector, and countries’ energy mix, and learn more about country policies including carbon pricing, fossil fuel subsidies and investment in renewable energy.

The Environment at a Glance Indicators provide real-time interactive on-line access to the latest comparable OECD-country data on the environment from the OECD Core Set of Environmental Indicators – a tool to evaluate environmental performance in countries and to track the course towards sustainable development.

The Climate Action Dashboard by the OECD features key indicators to track progress towards climate objectives and provide a snapshot of country climate action. It is one of the four components of the International Programme for Action on Climate, set up to help countries pursue progress towards net-zero greenhouse gas emissions and a more resilient economy by 2050.

Despite the key financial role that regions and cities play in the carbon-neutral transition and the global response to climate change due, in large part, to their jurisdiction over crucial adaptation and mitigation-relevant policy areas (land-use planning, waste management, transport) there is a lot that we do not know about their financial role.

Discover OECD videos

Climate change impacts are increasingly being felt and are projected to become more extreme. Yet, current levels of investment in climate adaptation are insufficient. The OECD developed a Climate Adaptation Investment Framework to help governments put in place the policies needed to increase public and private investment in climate change adaptation.

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COP30 in Brazil comes at an important moment. Climate change is accelerating and so are its costs. OECD-UNDP analysis shows that faster climate action could lift global GDP by 0.2% by 2040 and by up to 13% by 2100 once avoided economic losses from climate damages are factored in.

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The world is getting drier - and the data makes it clear. The global land area affected by drought has doubled since 1900, with 40% of the planet now experiencing more frequent and intense events. Droughts are getting more expensive too - average costs are rising by 3-7.5% each year. The OECD Global Drought Outlook provides data and actionable insights to help countries build resilience and reduce the human, environmental and economic impacts of drought.

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Discover OECD voices

The OECD Environment Focus blog aims to increase dialogue on a variety of environmental topics among policymakers, experts and the general public. Blogs are authored by OECD policy experts and invited guests who write about their current field of research and aim to reach a wider global audience to generate discussion.

Forests are essential to climate action but are also an integral component of the bedrock of human existence, providing far more than just climate benefits. With growing emphasis on forests as key to climate efforts, including at COP30 in the heart of the Amazon, this blog explores some takeaways from the OECD’s work on forests, highlighting their diversity and complexity, and the role of forest policies in fostering climate action.

At COP30 in Belém, the spotlight is on turning pledges into action, with climate adaptation taking centre stage. Among the most urgent climate risks to be tackled are droughts, whose cascading impacts are felt across regions and sectors. Drawing on key insights from the OECD Global Drought Outlook, this blog sheds light on growing drought risks and costs under climate change and offers practical solutions to strengthen water security and landscape resilience, paving the way for effective adaptation to an increasingly drier future.

Clean energy projects in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) hold enormous potential for climate action, but face persistent barriers. Access to finance often remains a challenge. Guarantees and insurance instruments can help unlock private capital by mitigating risks and improving creditworthiness. Yet they remain underutilised. This blog explores how innovative guarantee and insurance instruments are making a difference for clean energy and energy efficiency projects in EMDEs, drawing on real-world examples and recent OECD research, and why they are still not used at scale.

As the world gears up for COP30 and a decade since the Paris Agreement, climate action is shifting from planning to doing. Brazil’s “Global Mutirão” initiative highlights that achieving net zero is not just a technological challenge but a collective effort – requiring trust, fairness, and active citizen engagement. This blog explores why people’s perceptions of fairness and their trust in governments are crucial for climate action, and how education and participation can empower citizens to drive the low-carbon transition.

Taking place 10 years after the adoption of the Paris Agreement, COP30 marks a decisive shift in focus from the climate negotiations between countries to accelerating climate implementation with all relevant partners. This blog unpacks some of the key issues on the table within the negotiations space and beyond.

Climate change is driving longer wildfire seasons, more extreme heat and costly weather events that threaten lives, livelihoods and economies. Adaptation can no longer be an afterthought: it must go hand-in-hand with mitigation to enhance the resilience of societies, ecosystems and economies.

Despite global challenges, the net-zero transition is underway – and it’s creating economic opportunities. This blog explores how governments can accelerate the transition to smarter climate policy.

As countries meet for the mid-year climate negotiations in Bonn starting on 16 June 2025 to discuss a proposed set of indicators to measure progress towards the Global Goal on Adaptation, what insights can be drawn from existing international reporting frameworks? This blog highlights lessons from a new Climate Change Expert Group (CCXG) paper for negotiators to consider as they take this process forward.

More ambitious demand-side policies could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40–70% by 2050, but gaps remain between households’ willingness to act the extent to which they are making impactful changes. Barriers including a lack of awareness, affordability, and feasibility hinder high-impact actions such as installing heat pumps or solar panels. This blog explores how targeted policies and better integration of demand-side approaches into Nationally Determined Contributions can help unlock the role of households in climate mitigation.

On 11 February 2025, an OECD Green Talks LIVE webinar explored how Catalonia could accelerate the transformation of its mobility system to reach net-zero emissions. Following the launch of the OECD report Transforming Catalonia’s Mobility System for Net Zero, experts discussed the challenges of reducing surface passenger transport-related emissions, the policies needed to incentivise sustainable transport modes, and the role of a systems approach in driving change.

The year 2024 etched itself in history as the hottest year recorded, being the first to breach 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels—a critical threshold set by the Paris Agreement. This alarming milestone underscores the cascading effects of rising temperatures, from accelerated glacial melting and rising sea level to intensifying ocean heat.

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